The Vikings

Vikings
Warrior people
Viking Ships =small fast, easily maneuvered
1st in Americas and Russian State
Visigoths = Muslims from Spain attack Rome

1)Carolingian
2)Holy Roman Empire
1) Frankish Empire led y Charles Martel -Stops Muslims and Unites people

Battle of Tours
-Martel’s Army vs. Muslims
-Martel wins unites with other groups
-Creates Carolingian Empire ( France and Germany)
Charlemagne ( grandson of Martel)
-Fights off invaders
-Expands Empire
-Crowned Emperor of Holy Roman Empire by the Pope
England
1,000 CE / Norman Conquests
Duke of Normandy(France)
-invades England
-Creates Monarchy
-Links England to Europe
-Starts government system
Manga Carta 1215
-Limits Monarchs Power
-Guarantees rights of Nobles
Parliament- English government
- representative government
-Ruled by King
France= Powerful
-Beats England in wars
-by 1400 -Centralized government
1000 years War 1337-1453( 116 years)
-England vs. France
-All of England kicked out of France
Joan of Arc
-Thought she was a saint / messenger of God to Help the French King defeats Brits
Holy Roman Empire
-German
-Hungarian
-Slavic
-Other groups

Broken up into kingdoms that answer to the empire
Hapsburg = Austrian family
Take over Holy Roman Empire

India: Mauryas

First Indian Empire ( 324-184 BCE)
-Founded y Chandragupta
-Strong Military, Harvest taxes, Extensive Trade( Mesopotamia and Roman empire)
-Standardized Coinage
-Cotton

Ashoka
-Famous Mauryan King( 269-232 BCE)
-Great warrior sickened by war and converts to Buddhism
-Advocates peace/tolerance and spreads ideas (rock and pillar acts)
-Admired for his Justice-Wisdom
-Creates Harmony between Hindus and Buddhists (and other faiths)

184 BCE = Mauryan Empire Collapse = from foreign attackers
500 years pass before next empire (Disunity)

Gupta Empire
-2nd Empire
-Smaller but strong culture/economy
-Chandragupta’s Kin is founder/leader

Religion
-Hindu but tolerant
“Theater State”=Splendor of ceremonies ,very showy
Trade
-Trade with China , South East Asia and Mediterranean
-Cotton, Ivory, Metals
-25% tax

Math!
-decimal system
-Pi and Zero

550 -fell due to foreign attacks( Huns From North West)

Islam in West Africa

in the 10th Century Kings of Ghana convert to Islam
This improves relations with Muslim traders
-Kings of Ghana do not forcibly impose the religion on their subjects
-They also observed other religious traditions
Keeping religious idols around Kingdom
-The kingdom of Ghana dissolved in the 13th Century due to nomadic attacks.
-“Lion Prince” Sundiata ruled from 1230-1255
The Empire includes Mali, Sengal and Guinea
Has a good Reputation
-City of Mali benefits from trade: control tax trade
-City of Nani attracts Merchants for gold trade :Honors Islam and provides Lodging and comforts for Muslim traders.
-Mansa Musa Rules 1312-1337
Pilgrimage 1324-1325
Takes thousands of solders , subjects, slaves
Gave gifts of gold to those who hosted him
-After Pilgrimage takes religion more serious
Builds mosques in big trade cities
Sends students to study with Islamic scholars
Established religious schools
-Within a century Mal is in serous decline due to:
Crippled government
Military from neighboring kingdoms and Nomads
-Yet Centralized government (established by Mansa Musa)is like tradition

The Crusades

“Holy wars” fought in Middle East

Why?
1)Recapture “Holy land” form Turks.
2)Convert Non-believers
3)Crush “heretical” Christian movements
4)Salvation
5)Trade outposts
6) Sons wanted land
7) ADVENTURE

1096-1272
First Crusade-(1096-1099) fought y knights and peasants , travel over land and sea recapture Jerusalem
Second Crusade= Failure
Third Crusade-Led by Phillip II also a failure
Fourth Crusade- Takeover Constantinople, initiated by Pope Innocent
Fifth Crusade- Joined forces with Austria / Dutch create 8 year truce (also invaded by sea)
Sixth Crusade- Led by Emperor Fredlich who was excommunicated , makes 10 year truce
Seventh Crusade -Failure
Eighth Crusade- Louis IX King of France drowns on the way , the crusaders go back home
Ninth Crusade = Truce With Syria .

Aftermath
Knights Hospitaller = Nurses
Knights Templar = Were very powerful which caused suspicion / Mistrust. King Philip Tortures them and Pope orders them to be disbanded.
Teutonic Knights-Control Army
Mamluks-Famine and black Death
Peasants revolt

Byzantine Empire

-Roman Empire Split ( 395 CE)
-East part (Byzantine) prospers
-West Europe fell

Constantinople
-New roman Empire Capital
-Strategic location for trade( cross roads)
-Location provides commercial/cultural connections

-Byzantine Empire preserves Christianity despite Muslim attacks)

Emperor Justinian
-Famous Emperor ( 500’s CE)
-Known; Architectural Buildings and LAW CODE (civil law)
-Key to Western Legal System

Culture
-Hagia Sophia ( Christian Church)now Islamic Mosque
-Religious Art
-Law Code

-Peak at 500’s
-Recapture the lands that Romans lost (North Africa)

Conflicts
A) Great Schism = church splits
B) Plague outbreaks


GREAT SCHISM
-Formal division between Latin ( West Europe ) and Ortho ( Byzantine ) church over church doctrine

Muslim invaders take roman lands , taken by Byzantine

“Dark Ages”
-Medieval ( middle ages) begin after fall of Rome (500-1500)
-Backwardness
-Barbarian Tribes=foreign attack on Europe ,German and Asia
-Groups settle in Europe form Kingdoms which later become Nations
-Germanic= Saxons, Anglos ,Goths
-Asiatic=Huns, Magyars
Bantu
- Most common Language based group
-migrate all over Africa(1,000 BCE )

Shaped Culture
a) spread knowledge / agriculture/Iron
b) Shift to farming community
c) cattle for economy and political systems

The Black Death

Bubonic - “Groin” or “ Swelling in the groin” basically Large Black Pimples

-The warm period lasts from 800-1300
Increase in Agricultural Production
Growing seasons are longer
Population Doubles in Size
-Little Ice age
Winters colder and longer
Glaciers
1315-1317 heavy rains
No harvest, no salt
-Great Famine 1315-131
Direct from little Ice Age , 10-15% population die
-Black Death
Spread By rats
1/3 to 2/3 population 1347-1351is affected
-Tartars
Catapult Dead people
People Flee by river
-Italian ships of silk are carrying it , goes to Sicily ( October 1347) passed through Constantinople , Florence, Siena and Rome, Traveled around trade routes.

Scapegoats- Lepers and Jews
Persecute Jews and burn them alive

Many monks die leaving inexperienced men to lead churches ,they make stupid decisions leading to people leaving church

BRINGS RENAISSANCE.

600 BCE- 600 CE Review

Key events/Patterns
-Roman empire/Han
-Origin of major religion(Christianity, Judaism ,Buddhism, Islam)
-Silk Road ( cross culture trade)

Continuities
-Mandate of heaven (Chinese Dynasty cycle)
-Ancestor veneration

Changes
-Rise and fall of Empires/dynasties
-Diffusion of early religion
-Migration of people : Aryans , Jews , Han , German
-Early trade routes developed(Trans Saharan, Indian Ocean, Silk road )

SNAPSHOT
-Belief systems develop
-Greek-Roman philosophy
-State and empire develop

Medieval Europe

Europe : Middle Ages : 500-1500 CE

• Early Europe: 500-1000 CE
• High Europe :1000-1300 CE
• Late Europe: 1300-1500 CE

EARLY EUROPE HIGHLIGHTS: Political decentralization and backwardness. Also known as the DARK AGES. There were also no advancements in technology and science.
HIGH EUROPE HIGHLIGHTS : Many crises and many advances. There was THE BLACK DEATH and social unrest.

Feudalism : Lord owns land and give lieges land to make crops in. Lieges (loyal followers) portions of their lands to vassals . Vassals were loyal to the lord and liege and got protection as well. Then the vassals give portions of their land to serfs who work the land.

KNIGHTS:

• Cavalry
• Recruited by nobles
  
• Equipment was expensive so only the rich could be knights.
• The lived by a chivalry code : A virtuous christian warrior who served the lord and country. They treated everything with justice; gentlemen.

CHRISTIAN FAITH BINDS EUROPE

• The pope becomes a powerful force.
• Great Schism = Break up of church
• One becomes the West church: Latin church ; catholic church that shapes medieval society/
• Another becomes the east Orthodox Church.
• Preserved literature/manuscripts
  
• Linked people by faith.
• ORDER OF POWER IN THE CHURCH :1) Pope ; 2) Cardinals; 3) Archbishops; 4) Bishops; 5) Priests; 6) Monks/Nuns; 7) Deacons

PAPAL POWER

• The pope has the power to determine heresy (bad against the church) , excommunicate , and call for a crusade .
• Goal = To unite Europe to a single christian community led by a pope.
• Church owns a HUGE amount of land.