Winter break assigment

Read chapters 22 & 23 take notes.

For each period, note the interactions between cultures and the spread of things and ideas.

For chapter 23, make a chart,

-global exploration: motives, players, technology, major voyages

-european voyages in asia

-columbian exchange: who, wht, when, where, why

The Vikings

Vikings
Warrior people
Viking Ships =small fast, easily maneuvered
1st in Americas and Russian State
Visigoths = Muslims from Spain attack Rome

1)Carolingian
2)Holy Roman Empire
1) Frankish Empire led y Charles Martel -Stops Muslims and Unites people

Battle of Tours
-Martel’s Army vs. Muslims
-Martel wins unites with other groups
-Creates Carolingian Empire ( France and Germany)
Charlemagne ( grandson of Martel)
-Fights off invaders
-Expands Empire
-Crowned Emperor of Holy Roman Empire by the Pope
England
1,000 CE / Norman Conquests
Duke of Normandy(France)
-invades England
-Creates Monarchy
-Links England to Europe
-Starts government system
Manga Carta 1215
-Limits Monarchs Power
-Guarantees rights of Nobles
Parliament- English government
- representative government
-Ruled by King
France= Powerful
-Beats England in wars
-by 1400 -Centralized government
1000 years War 1337-1453( 116 years)
-England vs. France
-All of England kicked out of France
Joan of Arc
-Thought she was a saint / messenger of God to Help the French King defeats Brits
Holy Roman Empire
-German
-Hungarian
-Slavic
-Other groups

Broken up into kingdoms that answer to the empire
Hapsburg = Austrian family
Take over Holy Roman Empire

India: Mauryas

First Indian Empire ( 324-184 BCE)
-Founded y Chandragupta
-Strong Military, Harvest taxes, Extensive Trade( Mesopotamia and Roman empire)
-Standardized Coinage
-Cotton

Ashoka
-Famous Mauryan King( 269-232 BCE)
-Great warrior sickened by war and converts to Buddhism
-Advocates peace/tolerance and spreads ideas (rock and pillar acts)
-Admired for his Justice-Wisdom
-Creates Harmony between Hindus and Buddhists (and other faiths)

184 BCE = Mauryan Empire Collapse = from foreign attackers
500 years pass before next empire (Disunity)

Gupta Empire
-2nd Empire
-Smaller but strong culture/economy
-Chandragupta’s Kin is founder/leader

Religion
-Hindu but tolerant
“Theater State”=Splendor of ceremonies ,very showy
Trade
-Trade with China , South East Asia and Mediterranean
-Cotton, Ivory, Metals
-25% tax

Math!
-decimal system
-Pi and Zero

550 -fell due to foreign attacks( Huns From North West)

Islam in West Africa

in the 10th Century Kings of Ghana convert to Islam
This improves relations with Muslim traders
-Kings of Ghana do not forcibly impose the religion on their subjects
-They also observed other religious traditions
Keeping religious idols around Kingdom
-The kingdom of Ghana dissolved in the 13th Century due to nomadic attacks.
-“Lion Prince” Sundiata ruled from 1230-1255
The Empire includes Mali, Sengal and Guinea
Has a good Reputation
-City of Mali benefits from trade: control tax trade
-City of Nani attracts Merchants for gold trade :Honors Islam and provides Lodging and comforts for Muslim traders.
-Mansa Musa Rules 1312-1337
Pilgrimage 1324-1325
Takes thousands of solders , subjects, slaves
Gave gifts of gold to those who hosted him
-After Pilgrimage takes religion more serious
Builds mosques in big trade cities
Sends students to study with Islamic scholars
Established religious schools
-Within a century Mal is in serous decline due to:
Crippled government
Military from neighboring kingdoms and Nomads
-Yet Centralized government (established by Mansa Musa)is like tradition

The Crusades

“Holy wars” fought in Middle East

Why?
1)Recapture “Holy land” form Turks.
2)Convert Non-believers
3)Crush “heretical” Christian movements
4)Salvation
5)Trade outposts
6) Sons wanted land
7) ADVENTURE

1096-1272
First Crusade-(1096-1099) fought y knights and peasants , travel over land and sea recapture Jerusalem
Second Crusade= Failure
Third Crusade-Led by Phillip II also a failure
Fourth Crusade- Takeover Constantinople, initiated by Pope Innocent
Fifth Crusade- Joined forces with Austria / Dutch create 8 year truce (also invaded by sea)
Sixth Crusade- Led by Emperor Fredlich who was excommunicated , makes 10 year truce
Seventh Crusade -Failure
Eighth Crusade- Louis IX King of France drowns on the way , the crusaders go back home
Ninth Crusade = Truce With Syria .

Aftermath
Knights Hospitaller = Nurses
Knights Templar = Were very powerful which caused suspicion / Mistrust. King Philip Tortures them and Pope orders them to be disbanded.
Teutonic Knights-Control Army
Mamluks-Famine and black Death
Peasants revolt

Byzantine Empire

-Roman Empire Split ( 395 CE)
-East part (Byzantine) prospers
-West Europe fell

Constantinople
-New roman Empire Capital
-Strategic location for trade( cross roads)
-Location provides commercial/cultural connections

-Byzantine Empire preserves Christianity despite Muslim attacks)

Emperor Justinian
-Famous Emperor ( 500’s CE)
-Known; Architectural Buildings and LAW CODE (civil law)
-Key to Western Legal System

Culture
-Hagia Sophia ( Christian Church)now Islamic Mosque
-Religious Art
-Law Code

-Peak at 500’s
-Recapture the lands that Romans lost (North Africa)

Conflicts
A) Great Schism = church splits
B) Plague outbreaks


GREAT SCHISM
-Formal division between Latin ( West Europe ) and Ortho ( Byzantine ) church over church doctrine

Muslim invaders take roman lands , taken by Byzantine

“Dark Ages”
-Medieval ( middle ages) begin after fall of Rome (500-1500)
-Backwardness
-Barbarian Tribes=foreign attack on Europe ,German and Asia
-Groups settle in Europe form Kingdoms which later become Nations
-Germanic= Saxons, Anglos ,Goths
-Asiatic=Huns, Magyars
Bantu
- Most common Language based group
-migrate all over Africa(1,000 BCE )

Shaped Culture
a) spread knowledge / agriculture/Iron
b) Shift to farming community
c) cattle for economy and political systems

The Black Death

Bubonic - “Groin” or “ Swelling in the groin” basically Large Black Pimples

-The warm period lasts from 800-1300
Increase in Agricultural Production
Growing seasons are longer
Population Doubles in Size
-Little Ice age
Winters colder and longer
Glaciers
1315-1317 heavy rains
No harvest, no salt
-Great Famine 1315-131
Direct from little Ice Age , 10-15% population die
-Black Death
Spread By rats
1/3 to 2/3 population 1347-1351is affected
-Tartars
Catapult Dead people
People Flee by river
-Italian ships of silk are carrying it , goes to Sicily ( October 1347) passed through Constantinople , Florence, Siena and Rome, Traveled around trade routes.

Scapegoats- Lepers and Jews
Persecute Jews and burn them alive

Many monks die leaving inexperienced men to lead churches ,they make stupid decisions leading to people leaving church

BRINGS RENAISSANCE.